Playlist: The Advertisement and Destruction of Musical Artists

Playlist: The Advertisement and Destruction of Musical Artists

By, Carl V. Johnson

& Jack W. Galliett

In the recent years a new way of organizing and listening to music has arisen. This new method is called playlists. They can be found on platforms such as Spotify, Pandora, Topsify, YouTube, Apple products, and many other platforms. A playlist is a way that you can organize music and easily access it whenever on the platform that you created it on. But what I want to look at is if playlists are destroying the musician's ability make a living, or do they support advertisement for the artist and can provide compensation?

First we should look at how the music industry has changed and become what we know today. First, it has become very digital in many ways. Here is a video talking about how the music industry we know today: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_PeroHX3e8k .

You could journey onto platforms like Youtube or Pandora Radio to find a new song or music video that catches your attention. Another popular program is Spotify. This program will allow you to find almost any type of music by a large number of artists and then you can follow the artist or add the song to a ‘favorite’ playlist or another playlist. These are just a few of the many programs that contain the function of creating playlists.

With a playlist, songs are being played on these platforms to give listeners an open chance to listen to any song an unlimited number of times. With this, people no longer need to buy albums because all of their favorite music will be on a playlist created by themselves or another person. With the lower amount of album sales, it will become more challenging for musicians to become self-sustaining. Musicians and bands will now have to rely on people, not necessarily followers, to play their music and tracks over and over. The reason why it is more essential to have more streams than followers is because it depend more on how much attention the video receives, or a in other words, streams or views. Throught seeing how many view a song or video has is how a company such as Youtube will compensate the artist.  How some platforms get money is that they might require that you pay a monthly fee to get special access such as no advertisements from different companies or other features, but it is usually a small fee. These fees are used to pay the people that work for the company and the artists that provide the content on their platform. Not forgetting that each platform usually has ads from other companies, the amount of money that gets returned to the artist is very small. The only way for artist to then get their song to be played more is by placing they in multiple playlists on multiple platforms in the hopes that their tracks will be listen to.

But with the concept of playlists there is an upside which is advertisment. Although there might not be as many sales when there were just CD’s and Vinyl's being sold, placing a song in multiple playlists across many platforms could possibly increase the number of people that hear and possibly purchase the track. One way that people can increase how they advertise is putting major artist’s songs into their own playlist to increase their popularity. Although it does advertise the major artist’s own song, it introduces the smaller artist’s music to an audience that enjoys the major artist. This can be very beneficial to any artist that uses this form of advertisement, but has its downfall of not just purely promoting the smaller artist.

With these forms of advertisement through playlists, artist can make a living, but it is a challenge. With the platforms that they are advertising on, they are getting very small compensation for providing the content on that platform. Within certain platforms, users can freely use the music and place the tracks in playlists of their own. This raises the question, when user of a platform that creates a playlist with an artist’s music, is it the artist’s right to get honors for providing the content of that playlist, or do they, the artist, own the playlist and get honors when anyone listens to it?

Works Cited

Dredge, Stuart. "List for Life: The Growing Role of Playlists in the Music Industry." List for Life: The Growing Role of Playlists in the Music Industry. Music Ally.com, 07 July 2015. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. <http://musically.com/2015/12/07/list-for-life-the-growing-role-of-playlists-in-the-music-industry/>.

Jazz History

Jazz History

Miles Davis once said that  “Music is always changing. It changes because of the times and the technology that's available”(Miles davis). Jazz throughout the years has come a long way since its early beginnings at the start at the twentieth century. Jazz has been called by many as America’s classical music. It has gone from blues all the way up to fusion jazz today.

Swing music of the 1930’s was the beating heart of the people on the dance floors. Swing uses emphasis on rhythm instruments such as the double bass and the drums. Although it does contain the rest of the normal jazz band, woodwinds and brass, there was also some string instruments such as guitar and violin. To ‘swing’ was to indicate that there was a strong groove that was felt when listening to the music. This groove could come from the fast tempo and lifting feeling that would generate from the band. Some of the most of the most notable musicians in swing jazz include Glenn Miller, Benny Goodman, Duke Ellington and Count Basie. Between the late 1930’s and early 1940’s, began the peak of swing as it sparked young blood to venture out on the dance floor or inspire people to join the band to perform on an improvised solo. Unfortunately with World War II there was a decline in numbers of band members therefore leading to smaller bands and less amount of performances. Although there was this decline, in recent years, swing has seen it largest comeback in a long time. More people are interested in dancing to swing and playing the style.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vOUYry_5Nw

The 1940’s saw a new style of Jazz that developed in New York City called Bebop. Bebop was in essence the exact counter to swing. Unlike Swing, Bebop was music that was supposed to take Jazz out of the main stream of music. Bebop was music that was not supposed to be danced to but rather be listened to and was considered by many to be music that was meant for musicians instead of common people. Pioneers of Bebop include Thelonious Monk, Dizzy Gillespie, Charlie Parker, and Miles Davis.  Another thing that made bebop different from Swing was the instrumentation. Bebop groups usually consisted of a small horn section that and a rhythm section which is normally drums, bass and piano. Also in Bebop there is a larger emphasis on improvisation instead of melody. Here is an example of bebop .https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09BB1pci8_o

The early 60’s to the 70’s Jazz underwent another huge change with Fusion Jazz/Jazz Rock. Fusion Jazz is combination of rock style sounds with the complicated chords and chord patterns of Jazz. Similarly to Bebop, Fusion Jazz would have a mainly instrumental melody that would normally be accompanied by a long improvised section from the instrumentalist.  Some famous Jazz Fusion musicians include Miles Davis, Herbie Hancock, Mike Stern and Wayne Shorter. Miles Davis had a significant part in the influence of fusion jazz with an album that he released in 1968 titled Miles in the Sky. This album was  the first album to include electric instruments such as the keyboard and bass guitar.

Here is an example of fusion jazz https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4p5Jb8KaiUk.

Jazz today has evolved so much from the days from the Swing tunes of the 40’s. Today jazz has been inspired by other genres such as rock,funk and R&B. One of the major changes that has happened to jazz is the introduction of electric instruments which give musicians a lot more sounds than they have ever had before. One group that utilizes these new sounds is the  New York based group Snarky Puppy. Snarky puppy combines synthesizers with traditional instruments and draws from all different genres ranging from pop to rap. 

Jazz has been around for about a century and it is shocking how much the genre has changed in such a short period of time. From the groove of swing to the calm nature of Bebop, to Fusion Jazz and now Modern Jazz, evolution is strong in Jazz history.  Miles Davis was very accurate in what he said about music changing. Jazz, adapted and evolved through the times.

Bibliography:

"Jazz Fusion." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2015. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_fusion>.

"Miles Davis Quotes." Miles Davis Quotes (Author of Miles). N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2015. <https://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/54761.Miles_Davis>.

Parker, Jeff. "THE HISTORY OF JAZZ MUSIC - BIG BAND ERA." THE HISTORY OF JAZZ MUSIC - BIG BAND ERA. Swingmusic.net, n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2015. <http://www.swingmusic.net/getready.html>.

"The Roots Of Jazz." All About Jazz. All about Jazz, n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2015. <http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allaboutjazz.com%2Fphp%2Ftimeline.php>.

"Style Sheets." Jazz In America. The Thelonious Monk of Jazz, n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2015. <http://www.jazzinamerica.org/jazzresources/stylesheets/10>.

"Swing Music." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2015. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_music>.

Verdi and Mozart, Writing masses with opera voices

Verdi and Mozart, Writing masses with opera voices

By Carl and Jack

Mozart’s Requiem Mass in D minor was one of Mozart’s last composition that he wrote, in fact it was not finished when Mozart died. Mozart started writing the piece in Vienna 1791 when he received a letter from an anonymous patron who commissioned him to write a mass (Gay, 152). He claimed that it would take him 4 weeks to complete the mass. It was later found out that the person who commission of the mass was the count Franz von Walseg. The count commissioned the requiem for his wife who had recently passed away. Although he had a reputation of taking commissioned work and claiming the composition of as his own, he let Mozart’s name be on the composition. When Mozart died on December 5th 1791, he had completed most of the mass. Franz Xaver Süssmayr would finish Mozarts composition.

MozartRequiemhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPlhKP0nZII

Verdi’s Messa da Requiem is a catholic funeral mass that was first performed on May 22nd 1874. Originally, the mass was meant to be in honor of the italian composer Gioachino Rossini who died in 1869. Twelve people including Verdi were to make a compilation mass in Rossini’s honor for the one year anniversary. Giuseppe wrote the ending movement called the Libera me and was organizing other composers to finish their sections of the requiem. But 8 days before the premiere the project was abandoned because the conductor left. It wasn’t until 1873 when Verdi’s friend Alessandro Manzoni died. It was after this that Verdi felt compelled to write the Messa da Requiem. 

Verdi’s requim https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1PdcmFvZvuI

The mass requiem was known as the mass for the dead. The mass came from the catholic church and was offered in the context of a funeral. The reason that these mass requiems stand out from others the level of intensity and the operatic sound that comes from it. In a normal requiem the music is never reaches the intensity that both these accomplish so perfectly. When comparing both the requiems to the cantata, Carmina Burana, one can see that they can be very similar in their epic sounds. In both the piece, the Dies Irea are full of fire and fury as they proclaim the day of wrath. much like Carmina Burana, there is a massive choir that sings with an orchestra and some soloist singers to tie it together. At the beginning of Requiem, the DIes Irea starts with four loud ‘Booms’ from the orchestra and then is joined by the choir in a loud proclamation, only to be followed by fire in the strings as they race down to lower note only to repeat the beginning. But this time there is the big epic bass drum that is struck between each loud ‘Boom’ creating a feeling of sheer power and the wrath of God (here is a direct link to the Dies Irea https://youtu.be/up0t2ZDfX7E ). Mozart’s Dies Irea start’s in almost the same way, with the epic sound of the choir and orchestra. With the more hidden ‘Booms’, the choir sings minor melodic melodies while the rest of the orchestra is providing a sense of being fire to fill the gaps of the choir (here is a link to Mozart’s Dies Irea https://youtu.be/1Tb9HmlPuVI ). Both pieces are so rich, but why do they sound more appropriate for the concert hall then the cathedral?

The reason that one could say that these requiem’s have an operatic style to them is because the composers were excellent at writing operas. Both composers have a long history writing very lyrical music and writing operas. Also the fact that Verdi was not religious at all makes it even more understandable in the fact that he might not even know how to start working on a mass. With Mozart, he didn’t even finish his requiem before he died. It makes one wonder if they did write these masses for the church or for the performance hall? On one hand they are very melodic and operatic, but they follow the standard tradition of writing a mass. Did they intend this for the concert hall after the premier in the church so that they could get money to support their life or possibly to just for experimenting in a different style of music? Either way, both pieces are well known and some of the most powerful music known to man.

Works Cited

Alsop, Marin. "Verdi's Requiem: An Opera In Disguise." NPR. NPR, 6 June 2011. Web. 23 Nov. 2015. <http://www.npr.org/2011/06/04/136928271/verdis-requiem-an-opera-in-disguise>.

Gay, Peter. Mozart. New York: Lipper/Viking Book, 1999. Print.

"Giuseppe Verdi." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 07 Nov. 2015. Web. 23 Nov. 2015. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi>.

"Requiem." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 17 Nov. 2015. Web. 23 Nov. 2015. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requiem>.

Schwarm, Bettsy. "Requiem in D Minor, K 626 | Mass by Mozart." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, 24 Apr. 2015. Web. 23 Nov. 2015. <http://www.britannica.com/topic/Requiem-in-D-Minor>.

Work Divided:

Carl: Speculation, History

Jack: History, Pictures

Don Giovanni

Don Giovanni

By Carl V. Johnson & Jack Galliett

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart has created many famous operas throughout his short life. Many of his operas have become some of the most performed Operas in history. Don Giovanni is one of Mozart’s darkest and most famous operas that he ever wrote. In fact it is the tenth most performed opera in the world. Don Giovanni is based on the legends of Don Juan. Don Juan was a fictional italian seducer and libertine. The Opera Premiered in the Teatro di Praga on October 29th in 1787 in Prague. The Opera was originally intended to premiere on October 14th of that year for the archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria, however the score was unfinished and had to be postponed for two weeks. It is rumored that Mozart completed the score one day before the premiere of the opera. The opera wasn’t brought to Vienna until May 1788. Before the Opera was shown in Vienna Mozart made revisions to the Opera and added two Arias to it. (Here is the overture: https://youtu.be/SPvbdALoWCg)

The main characters of the opera include Don Giovanni, a young man who is viewed as extremely licentious nobleman and was played by Luigi Bassi at the premiere performance on october 29th. Giovanni is usually paired with the character Leporello who is Giovanni’s servant and was played by Felice Ponziani. Another prominent character was Il Commendatore who was killed by Don Giovanni at the start of the opera and was played by Giuseppe Lolli at the premiere. These are just some the characters and actors that performed at the premiere of the opera in Prague. With the actors also comes the orchestra. The instrumentation for the opera includes two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets, and two bassoons in the woodwinds section. The brass section includes two french horns, two trumpets and three trombones. The percussion section just includes the timpani and the strings have first and second violins, violas, cellos, and double basses. 

The story starts with Don Giovanni’s servant Leporello watching and complaining about his situation while Giovanni is inside the Commendatore’s house trying to seduce and rape his daughter while wearing a disguise. The Commendatore then finds Giovanni and challenges him to a duel. The duel ends with the Commendatore dying and Giovanni fleeing with his servant Leporello. Giovanni continues to pull off scandalous acts in the opera such as seeing a woman at her wedding and falling in love with her at first sight. He invites the new couple to his house to have a wedding celebration but secretly wants to remain behind with the bride before the celebration. When Giovanni finally gets the bride alone, he attempts to seduce her. Another person then walks in and the affair is halted. Soon after the bride leaves with the new person, the daughter of the Commendatore named Anna enters and does not recognize Giovanni. She then asks Giovanni to help avenge her father’s death and Giovanni promises that he will as he is still unrecognized. Only moments later another character named Elvira enters and explains to Anna that Giovanni is not the man he claims to be and that he is no good. With this Anna then realizes that Giovanni was the man that killed her father. This leads to more people becoming angry and frustrated with Giovanni. A few scenes later, Giovanni tries again in attempting to seduce one of the ladies, but she screams. With this scream, he panics and then blames his actions on his servant but cannot fool the ones that want him dead.

In act two, Giovanni continues in his scandalous ways and even bribes his servant to stay with him after Leporello threatens to leave him. Soon after, Giovanni gets his servant to pose as him to distract the character Elvira so that he can go off and seduce one of the maids while disguised as Leporello. Before this though, Giovanni prays a promise of repentance with his death as the result if one of the maids does not love him back. While woeing the maids, one of the past characters named Masetto shows up looking for Giovanni to kill him. But Giovanni finds him first and is able to beat Masetto up and takes his weapons. While this conflict is happening Leporello is caught disguised as Giovanni. Before his attackers kill him, he reveals that he is not Giovanni and begs for mercy. As Leporello flees the remaining people become more enraged at Giovanni and truly want revenge on Giovanni. When the master and the servant reunite, they come across a statue of the Commendatore. A voice from the statue tells Giovanni that his laugh might not make the end of the night. With this Giovanni invites the statue to join him for dinner to taunt back at the statue. With this action he confirms he doom.

Later that evening, Leporello prepares a meal for his master and any guests. The first person to arrive is Elvira and exclaims to Giovanni that she only feels pity for him and wants him to change his life. Giovanni being as stubborn as he is, refuses and leaves Elvira sad and disappointed. With this she leaves only as the next guest arrives. The statue of the Commendatore is at the door and Leporello is in shock. The Commendatore walks in and asks Giovanni to repent but he refuses multiple times and because of this, a chorus of demons appear and drag Don Giovanni down to hell (Here is a video of this scene:https://youtu.be/ONX15zva31Y ). After Giovanni is gone, the people looking for revenge show up and find that he is dead and each person then moves on and continues down their own different paths. With the concluding group they deliver the main message of the opera which is ‘Such is the end of the evildoer; the death of a sinner always reflects his life’.

This is by far one of the darkest operas by Mozart and since it was written so close to his father's death, it has been rumored that the opera was made as a reminder of Leopold Mozart. In the movie Amadeus, there is one scene where the character Salieri talks about how the commendatore might represent Mozart's recently deceased father, Leopold Mozart. He talks about how through this opera, Mozart’s father was still haunting him. Here is the video of the scene: https://youtu.be/kBXt9Bn4qns . This raises questions if this speculation is really true, or if it is pure speculation? Could Mozart’s father be haunting Mozart and asking him to repent from his wicked ways? That is for you to decide.

Works Cited

Amadeus. Dir. Milos Forman. Perf. Tom Hulce. Orion Pictures, 1984. Film.

Dennis, Luke. DON GIOVANNI Ultimate Study Guide (n.d.): n. pag. Web. 15 Nov. 2015.

"Don Giovani." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 12 Nov. 2015. Web. 16 Nov. 2015. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Giovanni>.

Gay, Peter. Mozart. New York: Lipper/Viking Book, 1999. Print.

Work:

Carl: Story, Writing, Videos

Jack: History, Videos, Pictures.

Leopold Mozart

Leopold Mozart

By Carl V. Johnson & Jack Galliett

There are very few names that have become as universal with music such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. It is often overlooked that there was another musical talent within the Mozart family that came before the known superstar. It is sometimes forgotten that Leopold Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s father, had a huge impact on Wolfgang’s musical career with teaching him how to play the violin, the harpsichord, and many other instruments with knowledge of the theory behind each one.

Leopold Mozart was born on November 14th 1719 in Augsburg Germany. His father, Johann Georg Mozart was a bookbinder married to his second wife Anna Maria Sulzer. He received his early education from a local Jesuit school known as St. Salvator Gymnasium in Augsburg. He first attended the St. Salvator Gymnasium in Augsburg to learn about logic, theology and science and then moved to the more advanced school called St. Salvator Lyceum. There he started his musical career playing the violin, organ, singer and appeared in theatrical productions put on my the student body. When he left St. Salvator Lyceum, it wasn’t till a year later that he resumed his education at Benedictine University to study philosophy and jurisprudence. The location of the university was in the city of Salzburg which became the resting place of Leopold for the rest of his life. 

Leopold began his career as a professional musician in 1740. WIth becoming a violinist he also had his first publication titled the Six Trio Sonatas. In 1743 he began teaching violin and piano to the choirboys in the Salzburg Church. With this position, he started as the fourth violinist and later moved up to second violinist and Kapellmeister. With position of Kapellmeister, he was able to start composing. Here is one of his compositions titled sonata No. 2 (https://youtu.be/7S1r2bXP5B0). Here is his serenade in D major for Trumpet, Trombone, & String Ensemble (https://youtu.be/907412YF6pY). Unfortunately for him, he did not move any higher while Colleagues would.

After 7 years of composing and teaching he married Anna Maria Pertl and had seven children, but unfortunately only two survived. The names of those children are Maria Anna Walburga Ignatia and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. He taught both his children in the musical arts as they appeared to be naturally talented in music. His daughter started learning harpsichord at the age of seven and later became known as an outstanding musician on the harpsichord and the fortepianist. His other child, Wolfgang became the child prodigy that we all know who wrote symphonies and operas. For Wolfgang, Leopold watched closely over him and showed him off to the European world by travelling and performing for the royal courts and the church.

One of the most well known things about Leopold is his book about violin. The book is titled A Treatise on the Fundamental Principles of Violin Playing and was published in 1756. The book is still a resource when understanding 18th century performance as it was used frequently in its day. The book talks about how Leopold wanted his students to learn from his instruction and clearly stated his opinions on how a student should learn. But as time has gone on, profession violinist have found that the book is no longer helpful such as how Leopold talk abouts bowing techniques.

 Most people don’t think about how Mozart’s father was such a giant impact to Mozart and his musical career. Leopold was a man from family of bookbinder and always had a burning passion for music. He started young and only grew with each step he took. Leopold Mozart shall be remembered as the man that taught one of the world's greatest musicians through his passions and intelligence of music.

Works Cited

Gay, Peter. Mozart. New York: Lipper/Viking Book, 1999. Print.

"(Johann Georg) Leopold Mozart." HOASM: Leopold Mozart. HOASM, n.d. Web. 08 Nov. 2015. <http://www.hoasm.org/XIIC/MozartL.html>.

"Leopold Mozart." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 17 Aug. 2015. Web. 08 Nov. 2015. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart>.

"Maria Anna Mozart." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 23 Oct. 2015. Web. 08 Nov. 2015. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Anna_Mozart>.

Work Done:

Carl V. Johnson: Writing, Research

Jack Galliett: Youtube, Pictures

The Bomb and its Components

The Bomb and its Components

By Carl Johnson and Jack Galliett

In the world of classical music, there are many different interpretations of how a piece should sound. But I bet Beethoven never expected his music to be played in a steel band arrangement. In Trinidad a event called “The Bomb” is held and old classical music is brought back to life in a calypsonian way. In this report we shall dive into what the “The Bomb” is and the music that is played at this event.

In Trinidad there is a steel band contest that is called “The Bomb”. This contest was created out of rivalries between different steel bands trying to out-do each other by playing foreign tunes in the street. This contest was very popular during the 50’s and the 60’s but has become one of the major contests of Trinidad Carnival. Some of the most popular genres of music in the Bomb contest are Latin American and Classical music that are taken and arranged for a party.

Bomb music is special in the way that it takes old classical music and makes it into something new. One example is of classical piece that has been ‘turned calypsonian’ is the Flight of the Bumblebee by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (https://youtu.be/aYAJopwEYv8?list=PLk5n9boSmJ82kzsEwOlfCRkygABDnw1QU). The Flight of the Bumblebee is a fast piece that’s melody moves quickly between instruments and sections. A band called the Desperadoes recorded an arrangement of this piece with the feel of a calypso rhythm designed to fit a Road March or Bomb performance (here is the recording of the Desperadoes and the Flight of the Bumblebee https://youtu.be/LfSWxExOCq8?list=PLk5n9boSmJ801Ny8Ih24nkyfpoRxQrkez). In their version you can hear little samples from the Bumblebee dancing around with the new grove that gives the song the ability to be marched to and be the life of the party. This is one of many examples of actual Bomb arrangements that have been performed and recorded at carnival. Another interesting example of how the arrangements can differ from the original is given in Shannon Dudley's book Music from behind the Bridge : Steelband Aesthetics and Politics in Trinidad. In his book he talks about how a group took Beethoven’s Minuet in G, a song in a time signature of ¾ (Waltz feel) and transformed the song into march with a 4/4 time signature and lively rhythm. They took the original melody and assigned the high voices to cover that part. Then with the tenors, a strum rhythm was made based off of the cords in the original piece. Finally the bass got a supporting line and the engine room(rhythm instruments) a steady beat to complement the piece. All this creates a new song for the performers to show their audiences and fight for the winning title in the competition.

In each steel band there are a number of arrangers that work with each one. It is the job of these arrangers take a popular calypso or selection from the classical world and change it into an arrangement that can be played by the steel band. Going back to the Desperadoes and their version of Flight of the Bumblebee, the arranger’s name for the piece is Beverly Griffith, who is an arranger that has worked with the group on multiple occasions. Some of the other people that have arranged for the Desperadoes are Clive Bradley or Robert Greenidge. All three arrangers have composed winning songs for either the Bomb events or Panorama event making the Desperadoes widely known for the music that they perform with. Some of those winning titles are known as “Obeah Wedding” by Griffith, “Pan in Harmony” by Bradley, “Pan Night and Day” by Griffith and Greenidge, “Musical Volcano” by Greenidge, and “Picture on my Wall” by Bradley. The Desperadoes have also participated in (Pan Is Beautiful) Steel Orchestra Music Festival in Trinidad and Tobago and there won a total of three times. One of the three winning songs that they performed was Marche Slave by Tchaikovsky which was arranged and conducted by Dr. Pat Bishop.

All these people come together to play lively music to have fun and to party during Carnival, while using modern and traditional calypso music. But the people that play at the events for the Bomb bring old literature from western classical music and gives it the breath of the Carnival culture. Through the arrangers to the performers, it is fascinating that classical music is being used in this environment. Classical music will live on and remain an important part of many different cultures.

"The Bomb - Steelpan Teaching Resources @mypanyard ... UK Loves Pan." The Bomb - Steelpan Teaching Resources @mypanyard ... UK Loves Pan. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Nov. 2015. <http://www.mypanyard.co.uk/The-Bomb-Competition-1963.html>.

"Desperadoes Steel Orchestra." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 01 Nov. 2015. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desperadoes_Steel_Orchestra>.

Dudley, Shannon. Carnival Music in Trinidad: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture. New York: Oxford UP, 2004. Print.

Dudley, Shannon. "Music from behind the Bridge : Steelband Aesthetics and Politics in Trinidad and Tobago." Google Books. Oxford University Press, 2008. Web. 01 Nov. 2015. <https://books.google.com/books?id=l_OPeZrGSWsC&pg=PA113&lpg=PA113&dq=Trinidad%2Bbomb%2Barrangements&source=bl&ots=g7FRz18rmt&sig=XBPqBYvEfrvkOR_bUo7AvLJJd1U&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAGoVChMI5e-hkZDwyAIVC9hjCh0EhQZD#v=onepage&q=Trinidad%20bomb%20arrangements&f=false>.

"Free Steel Drum / Steel Pan Sheet Music." Free Steel Drum / Steel Pan Sheet Music. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Nov. 2015. <http://www.steelpan-steeldrums-information.com/free-steel-drum.html>.

Work:

Carl: Research, Writing, Youtube

Jack: Writing, Pictures, Bibliography